Implementation of real-time multiple reflection and Fresnel absorption of laser beam in keyhole

By Jungho Cho, S. Na. 2006

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Surface integrity in metal machining - Part I: Fundamentals of surface characteristics and formation mechanisms (2021, background): “Laser absorptivity within the cavity increases due to increased vapour absorptivity, and multiple reflection of the beam, often referred to Fresnel absorption [159].”
[INVITED] An overview of the state of art in laser welding simulation (2016, background): “Used in many references [2,25,12], this relation can be completed by adding a re-condensation term: P p 1 /2 rec r sat β = ( + ) .”
Laser Welding Process – A Review of Keyhole Welding Modelling (2015, methodology): “In Cho and Na (2006), Lee et al. (2002), Zhou and Tsai (2008), Pang et al. (2011), and Cho et al. (2012), the reference cooling temperature is supposed to be the room temperature.”
Keyhole-induced porosities in Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) of Ti6Al4V: High-fidelity modelling and experimental validation (2019, methodology): “(10) expresses the recoil pressure that causes depression of the melt pool, when the temperature exceeds the evaporation point Tboil (K) (at the atmospheric pressure of P0 (Pa)) [33] and Rv (J/kg/K) is the vapor metal gas constant.”
Modelling of keyhole dynamics and porosity formation considering the adaptive keyhole shape and three-phase coupling during deep-penetration laser welding (2011, background): “Na’s group [19] made a computational analysis of laser keyhole welding.”