The motives of off-the-books entrepreneurs: necessity- or opportunity-driven?

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Necessity or Opportunity? The Effects of State Fragility and Economic Development on Entrepreneurial Efforts (2019, background): “INTRODUCTION The different motivations for entrepreneurial decisions influence the impact that a new venture may have on society and the economy (Baumol, 1990; Estrin, Mickiewicz, & Stephan, 2013a; Williams, 2009).”
Informal entrepreneurship and institutional theory: explaining the varying degrees of (in)formalization of entrepreneurs in Pakistan (2016, background): “This is identified in England (Williams 2009a), Ukraine (Williams 2009b) and Moscow (Williams and Round 2009).”
Beyond necessity versus opportunity entrepreneurship: some lessons from English deprived urban neighbourhoods (2011, unknown): “…on the other hand, on entrepreneurs operating in the off-the-books economy (Antonopoulos and Mitra 2009; Gurtoo and Williams 2009; Katungi et al. 2006; Ilahiane and Sherry 2008; Llanes and Barbour 2007; Skold and Rehn 2007; Williams and Round 2007; Williams 2009a, b, c, d; Williams and Round 2009).”
Determinants of the Level of Informality of Informal Micro-Enterprises: Some Evidence from the City of Lahore, Pakistan (2016, background): “Sectorial variations also exist with informality more prevalent in the distribution and construction sectors, with lower levels of informality in other sectors such as manufacturing (Asian Development Bank 2010; Gurtoo & Williams 2009; ILO 2012).”