Microwave Backscatter and Extinction by Soft Ice Spheres and Complex Snow Aggregates

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Uncertainties in Microwave Properties of Frozen Precipitation: Implications for Remote Sensing and Data Assimilation (2010, background): “…spheres (e.g., Bauer et al. 1999; Bennartz and Petty 2001; Zhao and Weng 2002, among many others), and recent efforts have produced single-scattering properties for nonspherical habits suitable for microwave remote sensing (e.g., Hong 2007; Kim et al. 2007; Liu 2008; Petty and Huang 2010).”
Observation errors in all‐sky data assimilation (2011, methodology): “It is not yet clear whether this comes from excessive snow in the model or the inadequacies of the Mie soft sphere approximation used to represent snow in the radiative transfer model (e.g. Petty and Huang, 2010).”
Improved scattering radiative transfer for frozen hydrometeors at microwave frequencies (2014, methodology): “We might also have got better results had we included models for ice aggregates (e.g.Petty and Huang, 2010).”
Observed relations between snowfall microphysics and triple‐frequency radar measurements (2015, background): “According to Rasmussen and Pruppacher [1982], it is quite likely that in this case the onset of melting is suppressed due to the slightly subsaturated (relative humidity only 96%) conditions at the level of 0.”