Standard methods for Nosema research

By I. Fries, M. Chauzat, Yanping Chen, Vincent Doublet, E. Genersch, S. Gisder, M. Higes, D. McMahon, R. Martín-Hernández, M. Natsopoulou and 4 more. 2013

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Standard methods for maintaining adult Apis mellifera in cages under in vitro laboratory conditions (2013, methodology): “…et al. (2013) for viruses, Dietemann et al. (2013) for Varroa spp., Ellis et al. (2013) for wax moth, Forsgren et al. (2013) for European foulbrood, Fries et al. (2013) for Nosema spp., Jensen et al. (2013) for fungi, Neumann et al. (2013) for small hive beetle, and Sammataro et al. (2013) for…”
Diseases in insects produced for food and feed (2015, background): “The species Nosema bombycis infects silkworms (Table 2), while Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae infect honeybees (Fries et al. , 2013; Table 1) and can be a serious threat to honeybees (Higes et al. 2008).”
Honey bee colonies provided with natural forage have lower pathogen loads and higher overwinter survival than those fed protein supplements (2015, methodology): “Nosema spores (presumably Nosema ceranae spores as Nosema apis is not readily detectable in apiaries) were counted at ×40 magnification and converted to total spores per bee using methods described in Fries et al. (2013).”
Standard methods for toxicology research in Apis mellifera (2013, background): “…(see Scheiner et al., 2013); measurement of protein content of workers; and the measurement of Nosema spore levels in workers (Mattila and Otis, 2006a; Mattila and Otis, 2006b; Mattila and Otis 2007; DeGrandiHoffman et al., 2008; Mattila and Smith 2008; Avni et al., 2009, Fries et al., 2013).”