The cycle of punishment

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Effects of parental imprisonment on child antisocial behaviour and mental health: a systematic review (2009, background): “Provisional estimates suggest that around 125,000 (about 1%) of children under age 18 have a parent in prison in England and Wales (Murray, 2007).”
A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Stigmatization of Children of Incarcerated Parents (2010, background): “For example, employment policies and practices that make it difficult for parents who have been to prison to obtain employment can also indirectly affect children’s economic well-being ( Murray 2007; Phillips et al. 2006).”
The Effects of Parental Imprisonment on Children (2008, background): “…of National Statistics 2007), the number of prisoners in England and Wales in June 2006 (Home Office 2007), and estimates that imprisoned men have, on average, 1.15 children (Murray 2007) and imprisoned women have, on average, 1.36 children (2,168 children/1,599 women; Caddle and Crisp 1997).”
Children's Antisocial Behavior, Mental Health, Drug Use, and Educational Performance After Parental Incarceration (2012, background): “For example, the quality of care given to children, levels of social support, family economic resources, and maybe even national penal and social contexts may moderate how parental incarceration impacts on children.”