Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic-assisted leaching process

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Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries (2016, unknown): “…from the alkali residue of spent LiBs using 2.0 M H 2 SO 4 with 4.0% H 2 O 2 for 120 min with an L/S mass ratio of 10/1 at 70 ° C. Zou et al. [42 Li et al. [43], tested three acids for the leaching process: two inorganic acids (H 2 SO 4 and HCl) and one organic acid (citric acid, C 6 H 8 O 7 .”
A Review on Environmental, Economic and Hydrometallurgical Processes of Recycling Spent Lithium-ion Batteries (2020, background): “Therefore, reducing agents, such as H2O2(Ferreira et al. 2009; Li et al. 2013, 2014), NaHSO3(Meshram, Pandey and Mankhand 2015b), iron scrap and Na2SO3 and Na2S2O3 (Vieceli et al. 2018), glucose (Chen et al. 2018), ascorbic acid (Nayaka et al. 2015; G. P., 2016a) and tea waste and Phytolacca…”
Surface analysis of cobalt-enriched crushed products of spent lithium-ion batteries by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (2014, background): “By now, there have been a lot of research achievements developed on the recycling technologies such as mechanical separation processes [8], thermal treatment [9–11], mechanochemical process [12], dissolution process [13], acid leaching [7,14], bioleaching [15–18], solvent extraction [19,20], chemica”