Characteristics of cellulose nanofibers isolated from rubberwood and empty fruit bunches of oil palm using chemo-mechanical process

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Eco-Friendly Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (2013, unknown): “3b and 3c (Kargarzadeh et al. 2012).”
Agricultural waste fibers towards sustainability and advanced utilization: a review. (2016, background): “These biomass waste possess several interesting specific properties (Joshi et al., 2004; Kalia et al., 2009, 2011a; Jawaid and Abdul Khalil, 2011).”
Different preparation methods and properties of nanostructured cellulose from various natural resources and residues: a review (2015, background): “The latter is contrary to what happens to CNCs. Figure 4 exhibits an example of atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of CNFs from sludge (residue from dissolving cellulose production) with 10–40 nm width and several microns in length (Jonoobi et al. 2012).”
Comparing microcrystalline with spherical nanocrystalline cellulose from waste cotton fabrics (2012, background): “The nanometric dimensions of NCC result in a high surface area and hence the powerful interaction of these celluloses with surrounding species, such as water, organic and polymeric compounds, nanoparticles and living cells (Klemm et al. 2011).”