Direct-fed microbials and their impact on the intestinal microflora and immune system of chickens.

By K. Lee, H. Lillehoj, G. Siragusa. 2010

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Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review (2017, methodology): “PFAs also exert their action through immunomodulatory effects such as increased proliferation of immune cells, elevated expression of cytokines, and increased antibody titers (Kim et al ., 2010; Lee et al ., 2010b; Park et al ., 2011; Pourhossein et al ., 2015).”
The Effect of Probiotic and Prebiotic Feed Supplementation on Chicken Health and Gut Microflora: A Review (2012, background): “…including lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacllus (Sato et al., 2009; Taheri et al., 2009; Yegani and Korver, 2008; Dalloul et al., 2003, 2005; Higgins et al., 2008; Haghighi et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2010) and Bifodobacteria (Willis et al., 2010a, b; Patterson and Burkholder, 2003).”
Immune modulation by Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbials in commercial broiler chickens◊ (2015, methodology): “Although the concept of DFMs is not new, DFMs have been used as prophylactic agents against enteric pathogens, presumably either by balancing microbiota, or by modulating host immunity, or both (Callaway et al., 2008; Flint and Garner, 2009; Applegate et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2010c).”