Regulatory Protectionism, Developing Nations, and a Two-Tier World Trade System

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Gravity, trade integration, and heterogeneity across industries (2011, background): “Baldwin (2000) stresses the importance of TBTs in shaping trade ‡ows between countries and industries.”
Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains (2015, background): “Consistently with these mixed findings, Melo et al., (2014); and Shepherd and Wilson, (2013) conclude that the direction and magnitude of effects on trade are sector specific and specific for different standards.”
Regionalism in Standards: Good or Bad for Trade? (2004, unknown): “@qij cisj = 0; ( 2 ) which yields the pro…t-maximizing reaction function, i.e.”
Help or hindrance ? the impact of harmonized standards on african exports (2007, unknown): “On the one hand, developing countries have largely not been involved in talks on Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) and other agreements designed to mitigate compliance costs (Baldwin, 2000).”
Handbook of Deep Trade Agreements (2020, unknown): “29 Baldwin 2000.”
Hidden protectionism? Evidence from non-tariff barriers to trade in the United States (2019, unknown): “(Baldwin, 1970, quoted in Baldwin, 2000).”