SOLAR RELEASE TIMES OF ENERGETIC PARTICLES IN GROUND-LEVEL EVENTS

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Properties of Ground Level Enhancement Events and the Associated Solar Eruptions During Solar Cycle 23 (2012, methodology): “For GLE #55 (1997 November 6), the CME attains a height of 5.75 Rs at first appearance (12:11 UT), which is only 4 min after the SPR.”
The Two Sources of Solar Energetic Particles (2012, methodology): “Thus the unsuccessful attempt by Kahler, Tylka, and Reames (2009) to distinguish SEP abundances accelerated in regions with different solar-wind speeds was probably undermined by this slow cross-field transport.”
Space weather: the solar perspective (2021, background): “Knowledge about the magnetic connectivity is a crucial parameter in order to detect SEPs in-situ and to relate them to the proper driving agent (Reames 2009).”
THE LONGITUDINAL PROPERTIES OF A SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENT INVESTIGATED USING MODERN SOLAR IMAGING (2011, unknown): “In studies of GLEs, Reames (2009a, 2009b) also found that the heights at which SPR release occurred were ordered with source-region longitude in a way that is qualitatively consistent with particle acceleration by an expanding shock wave.”
GLOBAL ENERGETICS OF THIRTY-EIGHT LARGE SOLAR ERUPTIVE EVENTS (2012, background): “Similarly, Reames (2009) finds that SEPs in this event, as in other ground-level events (GLEs), are produced after the shock onset and don’t require a separate non-shock injection.”