Energy and CO2 emission performance in electricity generation: A non-radial directional distance function approach

By Peng Zhou, Beng Wah Ang, Hui Wang. European Journal of Operational Research, 2012

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Energy efficiency, carbon emission performance, and technology gaps: Evidence from CDM project investment (2018, background): “…only can both increase desirable outputs and reduce undesirable outputs (Chiu et al., 2013; Barros et al., 2012; Kuosmanen and Johnson, 2017), but also takes into account non-zero slack variables so as to improve the precision of energy measurement with much more actual fitting (Zhou et al., 2012).”
On estimating shadow prices of undesirable outputs with efficiency models: A literature review (2014, background): “In addition, the non-radial directional distance function as examined in [63] is capable of expanding outputs and contracting inputs non-proportionally, which has recently been used to assess scenario-based energy efficiency and productivity in China [64].”
Two-stage innovation efficiency of new energy enterprises in China: A non-radial DEA approach (2016, neutral): “Improving energy efficiency helps address this problem, and many studies have focused on estimating energy efficiency (Zhou et al., 2012;Wang et al., 2013a, 2013b; Zhang and Xie, 2015).”