The Novel and Endemic Pathogen Hypotheses: Competing Explanations for the Origin of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife

By Lara J. Rachowicz, J. Hero, R. Alford, John W. Taylor, J. Morgan, V. Vredenburg, James P. Collins, Cheryl J. Briggs. 2005

295 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Ecological Modeling, Global and Planetary Change, Parasitology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6ccf2cb98526c7495dee5ccacf6633fb521328b7

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Citations in the corpus

The amphibian chytrid fungus along an altitudinal transect before the first reported declines in Costa Rica (2006, background): “Although it has been suggested that this is a novel pathogen (Daszak et al., 1999; Morehouse et al., 2003; Weldon et al., 2004), some authors suggest that the information available is still not conclusive ( Rachowicz et al., 2005; Oullet et al., 2005).”
Cryptic speciation in Hymenoscyphus albidus (2011, unknown): “The former hypothesis assumes the development of pathogenicity in a harmless resident fungal symbiont and ⁄ or the predisposition of the host by environmental change, the latter the introduction of an invasive pathogen (e.g. Rachowicz et al. 2005).”
Tadpole Mouthpart Depigmentation as an Accurate Indicator of Chytridiomycosis, an Emerging Disease of Amphibians (2006, background): “…1990s (Berger et al., 1998; Longcore et al., 1999; Pessier et al., 1999) and by 2004 had been found infecting animals in two amphibian orders (Anura and Caudata), 14 families, and 93 species distributed on every continent except Asia and Antarctica (Speare and Berger, 2004; Rachowicz et al., 2005).”
Measuring amphibian immunocompetence: validation of the phytohemagglutinin skin‐swelling assay in the cane toad, Rhinella marina (2011, background): “For example, there is increasing concern over emerging diseases (Rachowicz et al. 2005) and more generally of how contamination or habitat disturbance can affect the health of resident animals (Patz et al.”
Global indicators of biological invasion: species numbers, biodiversity impact and policy responses (2010, background): “Current available evidence suggests that chytridiomycosis is a novel pathogen being spread around the world by unidentified carriers (which may include humans, exotic fishes, African Clawed Frogs Xenopus laevis and other animals) (Rachowicz et al., 2005).”
The role of infectious diseases in biological conservation (2009, background): “A worldwide trade of the species flourished in the 1950s following the development of pregnancy tests that used Xenopus tissue, and museum records suggest the fungus had achieved a global distribution by the 1960s (Ouellet et al., 2005; Rachowicz et al., 2005).”
Resistance to chytridiomycosis varies among amphibian species and is correlated with skin peptide defenses (2007, background): “Disease-associated population declines might be caused by the appearance of a novel pathogen or by environmental changes altering the balance of host–pathogen interactions (Rachowicz et al., 2005; Lips et al., 2006; Pounds et al., 2006).”
Dynamics of an emerging disease drive large-scale amphibian population extinctions (2010, background): “Implicit in the Bd thermal optimum hypothesis is the presence of Bd in amphibian populations before chytridiomycosis epizootics (28).”
Species diversity and drivers of spread of alien fungi (sensu lato) in Europe with a particular focus on France (2009, background): “The distinction between the endemic-emerging and the novel pathogen hypotheses deserves more investigation in several cases since it might lead to different mitigation strategies (Storfer et al. 2007; Rachowicz et al. 2005).”
Biological invasions and the dynamics of endemic diseases in freshwater ecosystems (2011, background): “On the other hand, under certain circumstances, NIS can directly or indirectly alter the dynamics of endemic parasites, possibly initiating and then sustaining emerging diseases (the ‘endemic pathogen’ hypothesis of disease emergence; Rachowicz et al., 2005).”
Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Broadly Distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest (2006, background): “dendrobatidis may be an emergent pathogen spreading globally through a suite of carriers, further studies are needed to confirm if it is indeed novel or if it has existed in the wild for longer times but only recently increased its pathogenicity or host diversity (Rachowicz et al., 2005).”
Widespread historical presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in African pipid frogs (2010, background): “There is an alternative ‘endemic’ hypothesis, which states that the fungus has always been present, but that environmental changes have led to disease emergence (Rachowicz et al., 2005).”
Spread of Chytridiomycosis Has Caused the Rapid Global Decline and Extinction of Frogs (2007, background): “b. Studies of archived museum specimens and/or of recent mortality events suggest that Bd first appeared in amphibian populations immediately prior to their declines in USA (1974), Australia (1978), Costa Rica (1986), Panama (1996), and Venezuela (1986) (Berger et al., 1998; Lips, 1999; Speare et al”