Flow discharge and sediment transport models for estimating a minimum timescale of hydrological activity and channel and delta formation on Mars

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Geologic Constraints on Early Mars Climate (2018, background): “The main uncertainty is the water:sediment ratio (e.g. Kleinhans 2005, Kleinhans et al. 2010, Mangold et al. 2012).”
Sequence and timing of conditions on early Mars (2011, background): “Estimates from modeling of valley network-associated sedimentary deposits imply emplacement times that are geologically quite short, of order 1–1000 years (Jerolmack et al., 2004; Kleinhans, 2005; Lewis and Aharonson, 2006; Kraal et al., 2008; Kleinhans et al., 2010).”
Static and dynamic angles of repose in loose granular materials under reduced gravity (2011, background): “So the friction effectively depends on flow depth and velocity [e.g., Pouliquen, 1999; Jop et al., 2006], particle roughness [Pohlman et al., 2006], and sorting (also called polydispersity) (see Kleinhans [2004] for review) [Kleinhans, 2005a; Goujon et al., 2007].”
Formation timescales of large Martian valley networks (2011, methodology): “The modified Manning coefficients, however, are weakly dependent on flow depth, do not explicitly include gravity or bed roughness, assume bankfull flow, and produce flow velocities that can vary by over a factor of two (e.g. Kleinhans, 2005;Wilson et al., 2004).”