Exploring the bi-directional long run relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emission

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Effects of rural–urban development transformation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions: A regional analysis in China (2015, background): “East and North African (MENA) countries and showed that slowing urbanization can help reduce the energy consumption and pollutant emissions in MENA countries [72,73].”
The connection between urbanization and carbon emissions: a panel evidence from West Africa (2020, result): “This finding collaborates that of Alper and Oguz (2016) who discovered a material association between REC and GDP in EU countries. The finding also supports Doğan and Değer (2018) who established a substantial link between GDP and energy usage in 7 countries.”
The impact of urbanization on energy intensity: Panel data evidence considering cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity (2017, background): “[35] search a panel data model for the period 1980e2008 and obtain that urbanization negatively affects energy demand in some countries while urbanization has positive effects on energy demand in some countries.”