A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology

By Felix Scholkmann, Stefan Kleiser, Andreas Jaakko Metz, Raphael Zimmermann, Juan Mata Pavia, Ursula Wolf, Martin Wolf. NeuroImage, 2014

1,850 citations recorded by the source corpus.

This year marks the 20th anniversary of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging (fNIRS/fNIRI). As the vast majority of commercial instruments developed until now are based on continuous wave technology, the aim of this publication is to review the current state of instrumentation and methodology of continuous wave fNIRI. For this purpose we provide an overview of the commercially available instruments and address instrumental aspects such as light sources, detectors and sensor arrangements. Methodological aspects, algorithms to calculate the concentrations of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin and approaches for data analysis are also reviewed. From the single-location measurements of the early years, instrumentation has progressed to imaging initially in two dimensions (topography) and then three (tomography). The methods of analysis have also changed tremendously, from the simple modified Beer-Lambert law to sophisticated image reconstruction and data analysis methods used today. Due to these advances, fNIRI has become a modality that is widely used in neuroscience research and several manufacturers provide commercial instrumentation. It seems likely that fNIRI will become a clinical tool in the foreseeable future, which will enable diagnosis in single subjects.

Subfields: Biomedical Engineering, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6c71e775af717e416a2920485cba0004635fbc4a

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Citations in the corpus

Twenty years of functional near-infrared spectroscopy: introduction for the special issue (2014, background): “In the same age group, Southgate et al. (2014) show that the left anterior parietal region is specialized for representing the goals of others' actions from early in life, and that the measured response pattern and location is similar to that reported in adults.”
fNIRS Optodes’ Location Decider (fOLD): a toolbox for probe arrangement guided by brain regions-of-interest (2018, methodology): “∑ = brainSens ch normSens ch i ( ) ( , ) (1) i brain”
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) for Assessing Cerebral Cortex Function During Human Behavior in Natural/Social Situations: A Concise Review (2019, methodology): “…Murray, 2012), magnetoencephalography (MEG) (Hall, Robson, Morris, & Brookes, 2014), positron emission tomography (PET) (Magistretti & Allaman, 2015), and functional near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (fNIRS) (Scholkmann et al., 2014) represent the most widely used functional neuroimaging modalities.”
The NIRS Brain AnalyzIR Toolbox (2018, methodology): “Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive technique that uses low levels of red to near-infrared light (650–900 nm) to measure changes in the optical properties of tissue; particularly those due to changes in blood/hemoglobin volume and oxygenation [1–3].”