Succinic acid-based leaching system: A sustainable process for recovery of valuable metals from spent Li-ion batteries

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A Review on Environmental, Economic and Hydrometallurgical Processes of Recycling Spent Lithium-ion Batteries (2020, background): “…and some of them, such as critic acid (Nayaka et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2018), ascorbic acid (Li et al. 2012; Nayaka et al. 2016a), succinic acid (Li et al. 2015), oxalic acid (Sun and Qiu 2012), tartaric acid (He et al. 2017a; Nayaka et al. 2016a), DL-malic acid (Li et al. 2010a; Sun et al.…”
Recent advances on hydrometallurgical recovery of critical and precious elements from end of life electronic wastes - a review (2019, background): “…2016), malic acid (Li et al., 2010), oxalic acid (Sun & Qiu, 2012), citric acid (Zheng et al., 2016), acetic acid (Golmohammadzadeh, Rashchi, & Vahidi, 2017), succinic acid (Li et al., 2015) and tartaric acid (He, Sun, Mu, Song, & Yu, 2016) were also proposed to leach out Co from spent LiBs.”
The Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: a Review of Current Processes and Technologies (2018, positive): “In this proposed process, after leaching with 2 M H2SO4 and 6 vol% H2O2, Co is selectively extracted from the purified aqueous phase through equilibrating with 50% saponified 0.4 M Cyanex 272 at an equilibrium pH ~ 6.”