An increase in the Akkermansia spp. population induced by metformin treatment improves glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice

By N. Shin, June-Chul Lee, Hae-Youn Lee, Min-Soo Kim, T. Whon, Myung-Shik Lee, Jin-Woo Bae. Gut, 2013

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Mucin glycan foraging in the human gut microbiome (2015, background): “With regards to mucus, an increase in A. muciniphila has been shown to correlate with an increase in the number of goblet cells, potentially underlying the improved glucose profiles seen after A. muciniphila administration (Shin et al., 2014).”
Human gut microbiome: hopes, threats and promises (2018, background): “101–104 In addition to these data, which are abundant but correlative, over the last 2 years, several papers have adopted a proof-of-concept strategy by investigating the impact of the A. muciniphila administration in vivo and in different models.”
The mechanisms of action of metformin (2017, background): “in animal studies, which was linked to reduced adipose tissue inflammation and suppressed postprandial hyperglycaemia [50].”
Next-Generation Beneficial Microbes: The Case of Akkermansia muciniphila (2017, background): “…noting that all these findings have subsequently been confirmed by different groups and extended to other specific disorders such as atherosclerosis, hepatic inflammation and hypercholesterolemia (Shin et al., 2014; Li et al., 2016; Shen et al., 2016; Grander et al., 2017; Plovier et al., 2017).”