Evolution of parochial altruism by multilevel selection

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Ingroup favoritism in cooperation: a meta-analysis. (2014, background): “This conclusion fits more recent evolutionary models that conjecture that ingroup favoritism can evolve in the absence of intergroup competition (e.g., Fu et al., 2012; García & van den Bergh, 2011; Masuda, 2012).”
Inter-Group Conflict and Cooperation: Field Experiments Before, During and After Sectarian Riots in Northern Ireland (2015, background): “…to violent conflict, in which individuals who had experienced violence were found to be more cooperative in experimental scenarios than individuals without exposure to violence (Bellows and Miguel, 2009; Gilligan et al., 2011; Gneezy and Fessler, 2011; Voors et al., 2012; Bauer et al., 2014).”