Material considerations for terawatt level deployment of photovoltaics

By A. Feltrin, A. Freundlich. 2008

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Materials availability for thin film (TF) PV technologies development: A real concern? (2011, background): “They also vary in terms of range of materials investigated with some focusing on the main component materials currently used in PV technologies and others looking at a wider range of materials [11, 13-14], including possible substitute materials [12, 15-16].”
Device characteristics of a 10.1% hydrazine‐processed Cu2ZnSn(Se,S)4 solar cell (2012, background): “However, most thin-film technologies in commercial production today use rare elements, such as indium and tellurium [1,2], which are expected to increase significantly in cost as solar module production rises above ~10GW of peak power capacity per year (GWp/year) [3].”
Potential of Renewable Energy Resources with an Emphasis on Solar Power in Iraq: An Outlook (2019, background): “The German Aerospace Center found that the deserts in Iraq produce a mean power density of 270 W/m2 to 290 W/m2, achieving a peak power density of 2310 kWh/m2/year [25,26].”
Abandoning the concept of renewable energy (2019, background): “Low energy density results in high material and land area requirements (Vidal, Goffe, and Arndt 2013; Brook 2014), and the need to mine high volumes of potentially scarce raw materials such as tellurium and indium for solar photovoltaics (Feltrin and Freundlich 2008; Tao et al. 2011; Grandell and Hö”