Fossil Snakes of North America

By J. Holman. 2000

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CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE AMPHISBAENIA OF THE WORLD (2005, unknown): “For fossil species see Auffenberg (1963), Brattstrom (1958), Douglass (1908), Galbreath (1953), Gilmore (1938a), Holman (1958, 1959, 1962, 1979), MacDonald (1963, 1970), Sullivan (1985, 1991), Sullivan and Holman (1996), Walker (1932), and Yatkola (1976).”
Comparative phylogeography of pitvipers suggests a consensus of ancient Middle American highland biogeography (2009, methodology): “…& Thorpe, 2004; Castoe & Parkinson, 2006) and an extensive fossil record in the USA (reviewed by Holman, 2000), and appears to have dispersed into the New World as a single lineage from Asia during the Miocene (Kraus et al., 1996; Parkinson, 1999; Parkinson et al., 2002; see also Holman, 2000).”
Can the tropical conservatism hypothesis explain temperate species richness patterns? An inverse latitudinal biodiversity gradient in the New World snake tribe Lampropeltini (2009, background): “The earliest putative lampropeltinine fossils are known from this area (Wyoming) dating to the early Miocene (Holman, 2000).”
Molecular Systematics and Phylogeny of Old and New World Ratsnakes, Elaphe Auct., and Related Genera (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae) (2002, background): “The first modern Nearctic colubrid genus so far reported, i.e., Salvadora Baird in Baird and Girard, 1853, is recorded from the Hemingfordian, 20–16 million years ago (m.y.a., Holman, 2000).”