A graphical diagnostic method for assessing the rotation in factor analytical models of atmospheric pollution

By P. Paatero, Philip K. Hopke, B. Begum, S. Biswas. 2005

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On rotational ambiguity in model‐free analyses of multivariate data (2006, methodology): “They include manual exploration techniques [4], optimisation of signal [29,30] and weighted deviations between data and fit [31].”
Methods for estimating uncertainty in PMF solutions: examples with ambient air and water quality data and guidance on reporting PMF results. (2015, background): “The modest BS-DISP results with four factors suggest that there is some factor interdependence and rotational ambiguity, confirmed by the oblique, slanting edges seen in the G-space plots (Paatero et al., 2002, 2005).”
Assessing positive matrix factorization model fit: a new method to estimate uncertainty and bias in factor contributions at the measurement time scale (2008, unknown): “PMF2 has numerous optimization parameters that can be set by the user, and methods of choosing these values have been published elsewhere (Paatero, 2000; Paatero et al., 2002, 2005).”