Recent trends in disability and functioning among older adults in the United States: a systematic review.

By V. Freedman, L. Martin, R. Schoeni. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 2002

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Group-based Trajectory Modeling Extended to Account for Nonrandom Participant Attrition (2011, background): “In the common conceptualization of the disablement process, the inability to conduct one of these ADL tasks independently is considered to be a disability (Freedman, Martin, and Schoeni 2002; Verbrugge and Jette 1994).”
Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. (2003, background): “Physicianreviewers characterized an event as causing permanent disability based on the potential for a drug-induced injury with permanent effects to cause physical disability or deficits in functioning.(20) We also classified the stages of pharmaceutical care during which an error leading to a preve”
Ageing populations: the challenges ahead (2009, background): “Studies of health trends are complex because (1) indicators of morbidity, functional limitations, and disability have been applied inconsistently; (2) study designs, participation rates, and wording of questions have changed over time; and (3) institutional populations are excluded from many health ”