The Timing of Facial Motion in posed and Spontaneous Smiles

By Jeffrey F. Cohn, Karen L. Schmidt. Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolution Inf. Process., 2003

362 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Cognitive Neuroscience, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6a657995b02bc9dee130701138ea45183c18f4ae

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Citations in the corpus

AffectNet: A Database for Facial Expression, Valence, and Arousal Computing in the Wild (2017, background): “However, studies show that posed expressions can be different from unposed expressions in configuration, intensity, and timing [12], [13].”
Modeling transition patterns between events for temporal human action segmentation and classification (2015, background): “The order of the phases are often “neutral-onset-peak-offset-neutral”, whereas spontaneous facial expressions with multiple peaks and other ordering are also possible [4], [23].”
Multimodal semi-automated affect detection from conversational cues, gross body language, and facial features (2010, background): “There are also some important differences between real and posed affective expressions (Afzal and Robinson 2009; Cohn and Schmidt 2004; Ekman et al. 1990; Pantic and Patras 2006), hence, insights gleaned from studies on acted expressions might not generalize to real contexts.”
Automatic Analysis of Facial Actions: A Survey (2019, background): “They are also a key parameter in differentiating between posed and spontaneous facial displays ([65], [64], [38], [56]), and the interpretation of expressions in general [6].”
Temporal Aspects of Facial Displays in Person and Expression Perception: The Effects of Smile Dynamics, Head-tilt, and Gender (2007, methodology): “The onset-phase of smiling was chosen as the experimental manipulation of smile dynamics because it has been shown to provide the ‘initial and most conspicuous change in appearance of the face, as perceived by human observers’ ( Cohn & Schmidt, 2003, p58; see also Leonard, Voeller, & Kuldau, 1991; ”
Measuring Facial Action (2008, methodology): “To evaluate concurrent validity for contraction of the zygomatic major (AU 12), Cohn et al. (2002) collected image and EMG data from subjects while they watched a Wlm clip intended to elicit enjoyment.”
Honest signaling in trust interactions: smiles rated as genuine induce trust and signal higher earning opportunities (2015, background): “Note: faces are blurred in the figure to preserve subject anonymity in publication; actual clips were not blurred. not clear, but smiles perceived as honest could play a crucial role in that respect (Cohn & Schmidt, 2004).”
Automatic Analysis of Facial Affect: A Survey of Registration, Representation, and Recognition (2015, background): “Although the order of these phases is usually neutral-onset-apex-offset, alternative combinations such as multiple-apex actions are also possible [25].”
Human computing and machine understanding of human behavior: a survey (2006, background): “Another study showed that spontaneous smiles, in contrast to posed smiles, can have multiple apexes (multiple rises of the mouth corners – AU12) and are accompanied by other AUs that appear either simultaneously with AU12 or follow AU12 within 1s [15].”
Affect Detection: An Interdisciplinary Review of Models, Methods, and Their Applications (2010, background): “There are also some important differences between real and posed affective expressions [79], [172], [173], [174]; hence, insights gleaned from studies on acted expressions might not generalize to real contexts.”
Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-related Applications (2016, background): “For example, differences in intensity and its timing can distinguish between posed and spontaneous smiles [228] and between smiles perceived as polite versus those perceived as embarrassed [229].”