Formation process of tungsten nanostructure by the exposure to helium plasma under fusion relevant plasma conditions

By S. Kajita, W. Sakaguchi, N. Ohno, N. Yoshida, T. Saeki. 2009

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Ultrafine tungsten as a plasma-facing component in fusion devices: effect of high flux, high fluence low energy helium irradiation (2014, methodology): “Temperature versus particle energy phase diagram illustrating the conditions of He irradiation experiments performed in this study and the studies by Baldwin et al [6] and Kajita et al [5].”
Tungsten nano-tendril growth in the Alcator C-Mod divertor (2012, background): “There is also no evidence of the uni-polar arcing that was seen on nano-tendril surfaces exposed in the LHD stellerator [8] and in NAGDIS-II [9].”
Physics of ultimate detachment of a tokamak divertor plasma (2017, background): “…of nano-bubbles (Miyamoto et al. 2011), figures 14 and 15, and by strong modification of the surface morphology (e.g. Takamura et al. 2006; Kajita et al. 2009; Zibrov et al. 2017) resulting in formation of the blisters (figure 15, dust, ‘fuzz’, pinholes, protrusions, etc. (see e.g. figure…”
Tungsten ‘fuzz’ growth re-examined: the dependence on ion fluence in non-erosive and erosive helium plasma (2015, methodology): “Additional work at the slightly higher temperature of 1400 K [2, 5, 23] was considered for inclusion, but due to known variation in fuzz growth rate with temperature [1], and higher temperature annealing effects [16], this work was not used in the current analysis.”