Phase Speed Spectra and the Latitude of Surface Westerlies: Interannual Variability and Global Warming Trend

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Response of the large‐scale structure of the atmosphere to global warming (2015, background): “Thus, Chen and Held (2007) and Chen et al. (2008) argue that, as a consequence of global warming, the phase speed of the midlatitude eddies increases.”
A Diagnosis of the Seasonally and Longitudinally Varying Midlatitude Circulation Response to Global Warming (2014, background): “…(Simpson et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2013), 4) the acceleration of upper-tropospheric–lower-stratospheric westerlies changing the eddy phase speed (Chen et al. 2008; Lu et al. 2008), and 5) altered upper-level baro-clinicity changing the dominant eddy length scale (Riviere 2011).”
A Dynamical Interpretation of the Poleward Shift of the Jet Streams in Global Warming Scenarios (2011, background): “The strengthening of the midlatitude upper-tropospheric wind may increase the eastward phase speed of the eddies leading to a poleward shift of the subtropical wave-breaking region (Chen et al. 2008; Lu et al. 2008).”