Free riding in voluntary environmental programs: The case of the U.S. EPA WasteWise program

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Organizational Responses to Environmental Demands: Opening the Black Box (2008, background): “As in the case of ISO 14001, some reservations have been expressed about the actual effectiveness of voluntary programs (Delmas and Keller, 2005; Harrison, 1998; King and Lenox, 2000; Rivera and DeLeon, 2004; Welch, Mazur, and Bretschneider, 2000).”
Voluntary agreements to improve environmental quality: symbolic and substantive cooperation (2009, result): “Similar behavior was observed in other VAs where firms that joined late did not follow up with actions related to the agreement (Delmas and Keller, 2005).”
"Bluewashing" the Firm? Voluntary Regulations, Program Design, and Member Compliance with the United Nations Global Compact (2015, background): “This sort of strategic shirking (Delmas & Keller, 2005; DeVaro & Gürtler, 2012) is consistent with the predictions of the incentive-based approach.”
The Paradox of Corporate Social Responsibility Standards (2013, unknown): “…motivations rather than on external sanctions, several critics have pointed out that the voluntary nature of CSR standards represents a weakness that can lead to poor effectiveness of the standards (Bondy et al. 2004; Delmas and Keller 2005; Delmas and Montes-Sancho 2010; Simpson et al. 2012).”