Large‐Scale Assessment of Symbiotic Dinitrogen Fixation by Crops: Soybean and Alfalfa in the Mississippi River Basin

By M. Russelle, A. Birr. 2004

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Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems in the U.S. Corn Belt (2007, background): “One often cited benefit for incorporating forage legumes into crop rotations is the significant amount of available N added to the farm through dinitrogen fixation (Peoples et al., 1995; Russelle and Birr, 2004).”
Reconsidering Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems in North America (2007, background): “Estimates of fixed N in harvested alfalfa ranged from 45 to 450 kg N ha(21) in the Mississippi River Basin, depending on yield and soil N availability (Russelle and Birr, 2004), and estimates of net soil N addition ranged from 100 to 150 kg ha(21) from a 3-yr alfalfa hay crop (Andrén et al.”
Global inputs of biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems (2008, background): “Fixed N contained in attached and detached roots and nodules, and rhizodeposition was essentially ignored (e.g. Evans and Herridge 1987; Danso et al. 1993; Unkovich et al. 1997; Smil 1999; Carlsson and Huss-Danell 2003; Russelle and Birr 2004).”