Using Machine Learning to Break Visual Human Interaction Proofs (HIPs)

By Kumar Chellapilla, Patrice Y. Simard. Neural Information Processing Systems, 2004

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A generative vision model that trains with high data efficiency and breaks text-based CAPTCHAs (2017, background): “Segmentation resistance, the primary defense of text-based CAPTCHAs, has been a general principle that enabled their automated generation (2, 3).”
The End is Nigh: Generic Solving of Text-based CAPTCHAs (2014, background): “The standard approach to solving captchas automatically has been a sequential process wherein a segmentation algorithm splits the image into segments that contain individual characters, followed by a character recognition step that uses machine learning [13].”
Text-based CAPTCHA strengths and weaknesses (2011, methodology): “Prior to this work, state of the art automated solvers used a three-stage approach consisting of preprocessing, segmentation and classification stages [9].”
A low-cost attack on a Microsoft captcha (2008, background): “Chellapilla and Simard [ 3 ] attacked a number of visual CAPTCHAs taken from the web”