Experimental investigation of ablation efficiency and plasma expansion during femtosecond and nanosecond laser ablation of silicon

By Xianzhong Zeng, X. Mao, R. Greif, R. Russo. 2005

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Ultrafast Laser Applications in Manufacturing Processes: A State-of-the-Art Review (2019, unknown): “Different from longer pulse ablations, this plasma (generated after hundreds of ps [41,42]) does not have any interaction with the incident pulse due to the ultrashort pulse duration.”
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges (2012, background): “For short times (below 30 ns) a fs-induced plasma emission intensity decays while ns-induced plasma becomes hotter [18].”
Thermal and fluid processes of a thin melt zone during femtosecond laser ablation of glass: the formation of rims by single laser pulses (2007, background): “(less than 10 ns, figure 4(b)), the plasma expands primarily in the direction perpendicular to the target surface [31].”
The TriBeam system: Femtosecond laser ablation in situ SEM (2015, background): “The specifics of the light-material interactions will be discussed in terms of material removal and surface modification in the following sections.”