Spectral Distribution of Energy Dissipation of Wind-Generated Waves due to Dominant Wave Breaking

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On the Existence of Water Turbulence Induced by Nonbreaking Surface Waves (2009, background): “The levels of the turbulent rates of « ; 1023 m2 s23 are quite high and comparable with dissipation rates measured in presence of wave breaking (Agrawal et al. 1992; Young and Babanin 2006).”
On a wave‐induced turbulence and a wave‐mixed upper ocean layer (2006, background): “…were also actively breaking (dominant breaking rate of some 13% according to our estimate based on Babanin et al. [2001] dependence), we would suggest that the tilting was perhaps due to asymmetry of the wave shape which is a prominent feature of the breaking waves [e.g., Young and Babanin, 2006].”
Semiempirical Dissipation Source Functions for Ocean Waves. Part I: Definition, Calibration, and Validation (2009, methodology): “…breaking term Sbk,cu represents the smoothing of the surface by big breakers with celerity C ′ that wipe out smaller waves of phase speed C. Due to uncertainties in the estimation of this effect in the observations of Young and Babanin (2006), we use the theoretical model of Ardhuin et al. (2009b).”