Collision mortality of local and migrant birds at a large-scale wind-power development on Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota

By G. D. Johnson, W. Erickson, M. Strickland, M. Shepherd, D. Shepherd, Sharon A. Sarappo. 2002

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Variation in bat and bird fatalities at wind energy facilities: assessing the effects of rotor size and tower height (2007, background): “Most searches occurred at weekly intervals or longer and likely underestimated the actual number of fatalities owing to removal of carcasses by scavengers (e.g., Osborn et al. 2000; Johnson et al. 2002, 2003a; Morrison 2002; Young et al. 2003; Arnett 2005).”
Direct Mortality of Birds from Anthropogenic Causes (2015, unknown): “However, most studies of bird–wind turbine collisions are unpublished and not peer reviewed (but see, e.g., Johnson et al. 2002, Smallwood & Karas 2009).”
Remote techniques for counting and estimating the number of bird–wind turbine collisions at sea: a review (2006, background): “Of these, collision risk will have the most direct impact at the population level, because it elevates the normal mortality rate of species (Johnson et al. 2002).”
RADAR ORNITHOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION (2003, background): “According to Johnson et al. (2002) the development of wind power will likely contribute to cumulative collision mortality of birds in the United States.”
Estimating Wind Turbine–Caused Bird Mortality (2007, methodology): “Data on rock doves were from Kerlinger et al. (2000), Johnson et al. (2002), Young et al. (2003), and unpublished reports 1, 2, 6, and 10 (Table 1).”