Potential Therapeutic Targets for Cardiac Fibrosis: TGF&bgr;, Angiotensin, Endothelin, CCN2, and PDGF, Partners in Fibroblast Activation

By A. Leask. Circulation Research, 2010

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Fibroblast-specific TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling underlies cardiac fibrosis. (2017, positive): “TGF-β is considered a “master” cytokine/growth factor produced within injured or diseased tissues, where it activates fibroblasts and facilitates ECM production (15, 16).”
Cardiac fibrosis in myocardial infarction—from repair and remodeling to regeneration (2016, background): “ET-1 is a potent pro-fibrotic mediator that seems to act downstream of TGF-β and Ang II, as both of them induce its secretion (Leask 2010; Kong et al. 2014).”
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β signaling in cardiac remodeling (2010, background): “Beyond its direct effects on the remodeling heart, TGF-β may also act by inducing expression of downstream effectors, such as CTGF and endothelin [61].”