Certain Effects of Grouping upon the Size of the Correlation Coefficient in Census Tract Material

By C. E. Gehlke, K. Biehl. 1934

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Spatializing the Social Networks of Gangs to Explore Patterns of Violence (2011, methodology): “The modifiable areal unit problem refers to the fact that the results of statistical analysis, such as correlation and regression, can be sensitive to the geographic zoning system used to group data by area (see Gehlke and Biehl 1934 or Robinson 1950 for classic examples of MAUP, or Openshaw 1996 ”
A balanced view of scale in spatial statistical analysis (2002, background): “The MAUP is not a recent discovery (Gehlke and Biehl 1934) but it became an active area of research in geography in the 1980s.”
Spatial statistics for urban analysis: A review of techniques with examples (2004, methodology): “Other studies have documented increases in the values of correlation coefficients as spatial resolution becomes coarser (Gehlke and Biehl, 1934; Blalock, 1964; Openshaw and Taylor, 1979).”
Applying the Degree of Urbanisation to the globe: A new harmonised definition reveals a different picture of global urbanisation (2020, background): “This wellknown is called the modifiable areal unit problem (Gehlke and Biehl, 1934; Openshaw, 1984).”