On the Direct Detectability of the Cosmic Dark Ages: 21 Centimeter Emission from Minihalos

By Ilian Iliev, P. Shapiro, A. Ferrara, H. Martel. 2002

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In the standard cold dark matter (CDM) theory of structure formation, virialized minihalos (with Tvir ≲ 104 K) form in abundance at high redshift (z > 6), during the cosmic "dark ages." The hydrogen in these minihalos, the first nonlinear baryonic structures to form in the universe, is mostly neutral and sufficiently hot and dense to emit strongly at the 21 cm line. We calculate the emission from individual minihalos and the radiation background contributed by their combined effect. Minihalos create a "21 cm forest" of emission lines. We predict that the angular fluctuations in this 21 cm background should be detectable with the planned Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) and Square Kilometer Array (SKA), thus providing a direct probe of structure formation during the dark ages. Such a detection will serve to confirm the basic CDM paradigm while constraining the shape of the power spectrum of primordial density fluctuations down to much smaller scales than have previously been constrained, the onset and duration of the reionization epoch, and the conditions that led to the first stars and quasars. We present results here for the currently favored, flat ΛCDM model, for different tilts of the primordial power spectrum.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/657e979665a1c59351afd2e700c8514ffbd70ef6

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Citations in the corpus

Probing beyond the Epoch of Hydrogen Reionization with 21 Centimeter Radiation (2003, background): “…develops at early times in cold dark matter (CDM)-dominated cosmologies (Tozzi et al. 2000) and by ‘minihalos’ with virial temperatures below 104 K (Iliev et al. 2002,2003); (b) the global feature (‘reionization step’) in the continuum spectrum of the radio sky that may mark the abrupt…”
Fossil H ii regions: self-limiting star formation at high redshift (2003, background): “It has been proposed that mini–halos could be detected statistically in emission (Iliev et al 2002a; Iliev et al 2002b) and individually in absorption along the line of sight to a high-redshift radio source (Furlanetto & Loeb 2002).”
The global 21-centimeter background from high redshifts (2006, background): “Cosmological measurements, spin temperature fluctuations (Barkana & Loeb 2005b; Pritchard & Furlanetto 2006), minihaloes (Iliev et al. 2002; Furlanetto & Oh 2006) and reionization itself must all be placed in their proper contexts, and this is a first step in that direction.”
The First Cosmic Structures and Their Effects (2004, background): “…& Madau 2003; Furlanetto, Sokasian & Hernquist 2004; Zaldarriaga, Furlanetto & Hernquist 2004), and by minihalos with virial temperatures below 104 K (Iliev et al. 2002, 2003); (ii) a global feature (“reionization step”) in the continuum spectrum of the radio sky that may mark the abrupt…”
21 cm Tomography with Foregrounds (2005, unknown): “…& Loeb 2005b; Carilli et al. 2002, 2004; Ciardi &Madau 2003; Di Matteo et al. 2002, 2004; Furlanetto et al. 2004a, 2004b; Gnedin & Shaver 2004; Iliev et al. 2002, 2003; Loeb & Zaldarriaga 2004; McQuinn et al. 2006; Morales 2005; Oh & Mack 2003; Pen et al. 2004; Santos et al. 2005; Shaver et…”
The Spin-Kinetic Temperature Coupling and the Heating Rate due to Lyα Scattering before Reionization: Predictions for 21 Centimeter Emission and Absorption (2003, background): “…patchwork of density, spin temperature, and ionization inhomogeneities during the era when the intergalactic medium was still atomic (Hogan & Rees 1979; Scott & Rees 1990; Kumar, Padmanabhan, & Subramanian 1995; Madau, Meiksin, & Rees 1997; Shaver et al 1999; Tozzi et al. 2000; Iliev et al. 2002).”
21 Centimeter Fluctuations from Cosmic Gas at High Redshifts (2003, background): “Early work focused on ﬂuctuations due to large-scale structure (Scott & Rees 1990; Kumar et al. 1995; Madau et al. 1997; Tozzi et al. 2000; Iliev et al. 2002), because the signals could be estimated through linear cosmological perturbation theory.”
The First Stars (2003, background): “…could provide a unique probe of the conditions in the early minihalos, thus testing our assumptions on the initial conditions for Population III star formation (e.g., Madau et al. 1997; Tozzi et al. 2000; Carilli et al. 2002; Furlanetto & Loeb 2002; Iliev et al. 2002, 2003; Ciardi & Madau 2003).”
Multifrequency Analysis of 21 Centimeter Fluctuations from the Era of Reionization (2004, background): “…study of the 21 cm background associated with neutral hydrogen during, and prior to, reionization (e.g., Scott & Rees 1990; Madau et al. 1997; Gnedin & Ostriker 1997; Zaldarriaga et al. 2004; Morales & Hewitt 2003; Kumar et al. 1995; Tozzi et al. 2000; Iliev et al. 2002; Bharadwaj & Ali 2005).”
Simulating cosmic reionization at large scales – II. The 21-cm emission features and statistical signals (2006, background): “Assumingτ ≪ 1 (which is always correct for the redshifts of interest here, except for some lines of sight through mini-halos (Iliev et al. 2002), equation 1 becomes δTb ≈ (3.1mK)h −1 (1 + z) 2 E(z) (TS − TCMB) TS (1 + δ) (4) ≈ (27mK) ( 1 + z 10 )1/2 (TS − TCMB) TS (1 + δ) , with h beingH0 in units…”
Cosmological Parameter Estimation Using 21 cm Radiation from the Epoch of Reionization (2005, background): “Several authors have discussed using the 21 cm signal from reionization to study cosmology, in addition to mapping out the epoch of reionization (EOR; Scott&Rees 1990; Tozzi et al. 2000; Iliev et al. 2002).”
Detecting the Earliest Galaxies through Two New Sources of 21 Centimeter Fluctuations (2004, background): “Although this gas may be dispersed due to internal feedback from star formation due to molecular hydrogen cooling (Oh & Haiman 2003; Ricotti et al. 2002), if stars cannot form then the dense gas minihalos produce 21cm fluctuations (Iliev et al. 2002, 2003).”
Self-regulated reionization (2006, background): “…of the neutral IGM in the absence of heating is then given by MJ,0 = 5340M⊙ ( Ω0h 2 0.15 )−1/2( Ωbh 2 0.0223 )−3/5 ( 1 + z 10 )3/2 , (2) (e.g. Shapiro et al. 1994; Iliev et al. 2002), and increases with temperature asMJ ∝ (TIGM/µ)3/2, whereµ is the mean molecular c© 2006 RAS, MNRAS000, 1 weight.”
The Universe Was Reionized Twice (2002, background): “Similarly, all hydrogen 21 cm emission line forests due to minihalos, as many as 100 lines per unit redshift at z 9, as predicted by Iliev et al. (2002) in the standard reionization scenario, will be absent in the present reionization scenario.”
21 cm cosmology in the 21st century (2011, background): “The signal from minihalos can be considerably stronger [122, 186, 189].”
The cosmic microwave background radiation fluctuations from H i perturbations prior to reionization (2004, background): “Our results are in qualitative agreement with those of Loeb & Zaldarriaga (2003).”
Neutrino Mass Ordering from Oscillations and Beyond: 2018 Status and Future Prospects (2018, background): “…and Space Sciences | www.frontiersin.org 29 October 2018 | Volume 5 | Article 36 fundamental cosmology (Scott and Rees, 1990; Tozzi et al., 2000; Iliev et al., 2002; Barkana and Loeb, 2005a,b; McQuinn et al., 2006; Santos and Cooray, 2006; Bowman et al., 2007; Mao et al., 2008; Visbal et al.,…”