Patterns in the structure of grassland butterfly communities along a gradient of human disturbance: further analysis based on the generalist/specialist concept

By Masahiko Kitahara, Kunihiko Sei, K. Fujii. Population Ecology, 2000

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Effects of urbanization on butterfly species richness, guild structure, and rarity (2007, methodology): “Kitahara and Fujii (1994, 1997; see also Kitahara et al. 2000), who developed the specialist-generalist categorization scheme we used here, also found a strong negative correlation between the number of dual specialists and degree of human disturbance and that generalist species were not…”
Which Traits Influence Bird Survival in the City? A Review (2021, background): “Generalists should benefit from disturbed landscapes, as there will be reduction in competition from specialists, who do well in stable environments and, hence, will be negatively affected by a degradation in landscape [42,43].”
Different responses of plants and herbivore insects to a gradient of vegetation height: an indicator of the vertebrate grazing intensity and successional age (2006, unknown): “Kitahara et al. (2000)”
Diversity and trait composition of moths respond to land-use intensification in grasslands: generalists replace specialists (2017, background): “For example, the niche breadth of adult butterflies has been found to increase with the degree of disturbance; mono- and oligophagous specialist species occur more commonly in less disturbed habitats (Börschig et al. 2013; Kitahara et al. 2000).”