Review of position-sensorless operation of brushless permanent-magnet machines

By P. Acarnley, J. Watson. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics (1982. Print), 2006

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Position Sensorless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drives—A Review (2020, background): “Many techniques can be found in references listed in [30], [31].”
Controlled AC Electrical Drives (2008, methodology): “There are problems: with surface-mounted magnets, inductance variation with position is only from magnetic saturation; at higher speed motional EMF dominates; inductance variation has two cycles per electrical cycle of the PMM, giving a sensed position ambiguity [3].”
Overview of Permanent-Magnet Brushless Drives for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (2008, background): “In order to get rid of the costly and bulky position encoder, position-sensorless control (PSC) is becoming attractive [41]–[43].”
Sensorless Brushless DC Motor Drive Based on the Zero-Crossing Detection of Back Electromotive Force (EMF) From the Line Voltage Difference (2010, methodology): “A detailed review of the recent literature on sensorless methods is given by Acarnley and Watson [9].”
Industrial Applications of the Kalman Filter: A Review (2013, methodology): “Nowadays, standard requirements for industrial drives of induction motors (IMs) or permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) include sensorless speed control, which means that the system can be used without a position sensor [14], [15].”