Characteristics and utilisation of copper slag—a review

By B. Gorai, R. Jana, Premchand. 2003

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Copper Metallurgical Slags – Current Knowledge and Fate: A Review (2015, background): “…favors partial crystallization resulting in the presence of crystalline and vitreous components, whereas rapid cooling leads to the formation of the material with amorphous structures (Gbor et al., 2000; Gorai et al., 2003; Piatak et al., 2004; Kuo et al., 2008; Álvarez-Valero et al., 2009).”
Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: A review (2015, neutral): “In contrast, approximately 2.2 tonnes of slag are generated for every tonne of Cu produced according to Gorai et al. (2003) for a worldwide estimate.”
The potential for copper slag waste as a resource for a circular economy: A review – Part I (2021, neutral): “It is estimated that for every ton of copper produced, about 2.2 ton of slag is generated (Gorai et al, 2003) and approximately, 37.7 million tons is produced annually worldwide.”
Effect of copper slag and cement by-pass dust addition on mechanical properties of concrete (2006, background): “Recent research papers [1,2] reviewed the use of copper slag in the production of value added products such as abrasive tools, abrasive materials, cutting tools, tiles, glass, and roofing granules.”