Issues in Ecological Risk Assessment of Inorganic Metals and Metalloids

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Conducting Ecological Risk Assessments of Inorganic Metals and Metalloids: Current Status (2003, background): “Exposure can result from non-anthropogenic sources, including weathering, volcanic, and hydrothermal activities (Chapman and Wang 2000); anthropogenic inputs can come from atmospheric deposition as well as from aquatic and terrestrial sources.”
Background and threshold: critical comparison of methods of determination. (2005, background): “…that most ecotoxicological studies are carried out with soluble salts, whereas geochemical data are often the result near-total strong acid extractions that remove far more of an element from a sample material than is actually bioavailable (see, for example, Chapman and Wang, 2000; Allen, 2002).”
Framework for metals risk assessment. (2007, background): “As discussed in Sections 4 and 6, the risk assessor should be aware that such elements exhibit classic bell-shaped or biphasic dose-response (or exposure effect) relationships, with adverse effects occurring at both high and low concentrations and an optimal mid-range dose or exposure (see Abernathy”