Eye white may indicate emotional state on a frustration–contentedness axis in dairy cows

By A. Sandem, B. Braastad, K. Bøe. 2002

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Measuring emotional processes in animals: the utility of a cognitive approach. (2005, unknown): “For example, elevated ‘head-up’ time and pronounced opening of the eyes – presumably to enable better vision – have been observed in domestic cattle exposed to threatening or frustrating situations, and may be a useful measure of negative affective states [94,257].”
The Science of Animal Suffering (2008, background): “For example, many people have argued that ‘naturalness’ of behaviour should be used as a criterion of good welfare (Wechsler 2007) and that animals suffer if they are unable to perform natural behaviour as seen in the wild.”
Can ear postures reliably measure the positive emotional state of cows (2014, background): “What we do know about the subective minds of animals tends to be focussed on negative motional states such as stress, fear and pain (Proctor et al., 013; Sandem et al., 2002).”