Racial Context and Police Force Size: Evaluating the Empirical Validity of the Minority Threat Perspective1

By Brian J. Stults, Eric P. Baumer. American Journal of Sociology, 2007

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A Multilevel Test of Minority Threat Effects on Sentencing (2010, background): “, Britt 2000; Fearn 2005; Kautt 2002; Ulmer and Johnson 2004), and threat research generally (e.g., Kent and Jacobs 2005; Stults and Baumer 2007).”
Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Perceptions of the Police (2012, background): “…elites work to invoke reactions through social control, including disparate arrest practices (e.g., Parker, Stults, & Rice, 2005) and greater police force presence in areas where the perceived threat (i.e., minority population size) posed by minority groups is higher (e.g., Stults & Baumer, 2007).”
A Geographic Approach to Racial Profiling (2009, background): “…finding can be tied to the “racial threat” (Parker, Stults, and Rice, 2005; Stolzenberg, D‟Alessio, and Eitle, 2004) or “minority threat” (Holmes, 2000; Stults and Baumer, 2007) hypothesis suggesting that police are assigned in higher numbers to certain areas of a community where minority…”