Are Conservatives More Sensitive to Threat than Liberals? It Depends on How We Define Threat and Conservatism

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Psychological Features of Extreme Political Ideologies (2019, background): “Furthermore, reminding people of their mortality can increase both extremism and conservatism (Burke, Kosloff, & Landau, 2013), but the conservative shifts observed in this research domain can alternatively be explained by increased nationalism following death reminders (Crawford, 2017).”
Political Ideology Predicts Perceptions of the Threat of COVID-19 (and Susceptibility to Fake News About It) (2020, background): “This association is particularly clear with respect to physical (rather than ideological) threats (Crawford, 2017).”
Identifying the most important predictors of support for climate policy in the United States (2020, background): “Additional research argues that, in particular, social conservatives (in contrast to economic conservatives) are more sensitive to physical (versus epistemic) threats than are liberals (Crawford, 2017).”
Why are conservatives less concerned about the coronavirus (COVID-19) than liberals? Comparing political, experiential, and partisan messaging explanations (2020, background): “…and theory suggesting strong ties between conservative ideology and threat (e.g., Altemeyer, 1996; Duckitt & Sibley, 2010; Feldman, 2003; see Choma & Hanoch, 2017, for discussion) – and especially to direct physical threats such as disease (for summaries, see Conway et al., 2019; Crawford, 2017).”