Estimated Annual Economic Impacts from Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the United States

By D. Anderson, P. Hoagland, Y. Kaoru, A. White. 2000

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Algal bloom and its economic impact (2016, background): “These changes may have significant socio-economic implications and the main sectors affected include public health, commercial fisheries, tourism, recreational activities, monitoring and management [8, 9].”
Urease activity in cultures and field populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium (2003, unknown): “Harmful algal blooms cause serious public health and economic impacts on a global scale (Hallegraeff 1993; Anderson et al. 2000).”
A SURVEY OF THE STEROL COMPOSITION OF THE MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES KARENIA BREVIS, KARENIA MIKIMOTOI, AND KARLODINIUM MICRUM: DISTRIBUTION OF STEROLS WITHIN OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CLASS DINOPHYCEAE1 (2002, background): “For an overview of the nation-wide economic impact of harmful algal blooms, see Anderson et al. (2000).”
Cryptic Blooms: Are Thin Layers the Missing Connection? (2008, background): “A report summarizing the potential economic impacts of HABs in the USA estimates the annual cost of HAB events at between $33–82 million per year, with approximately 4% of that cost related to monitoring and management (Anderson et al. 2000).”
Fusing Multi‐ and Hyperspectral Satellite Data for Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring With Self‐Supervised and Hierarchical Deep Learning (2025, unknown): “The impacts are estimated to cost the U.S. $ 10-100 million annually (D. Anderson et al., 2000; Hoagland et al., 2002).”