Effect of pre-acid-hydrolysis treatment on morphology and properties of cellulose nanowhiskers from coconut husk

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Different preparation methods and properties of nanostructured cellulose from various natural resources and residues: a review (2015, background): “On the other hand, kenaf bast (Kargarzadeh et al. 2012; Shi et al. 2011), coconut husks (Fahma et al. 2011; Rosa et al. 2010), grass (Pandey et al. 2008), bamboo (Nguyen et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2012b), rice straw (Lu and Hsieh 2012), pea hull fiber (Chen et al. 2009), cotton, sisal, flax and…”
Effects of hydrolysis conditions on the morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from kenaf bast fibers (2012, methodology): “Moreover, the larger amount of residue at high temperatures found in the raw kenaf fibers as compared to that in the treated fibers was a result of the presence of ash as well as lignin (Ashori et al. 2006; Fahma et al. 2011).”
Production of Nanocellulose from Pineapple Leaf Fibers via High-Shear Homogenization and Ultrasonication (2018, methodology): “Various nanocellulose extraction methods have been explored; steam explosion along with mild chemical treatment [2], chemical-ultrasonic process [8], steam explosion alone [9,17], a chemo-mechanical process using acid hydrolysis and homogenized [14], wet blending [7], sulfuric acid hydrolysis [1,16,”