Modelling of radiation transfer in metallic powders at laser treatment

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Parametric analysis of the selective laser melting process (2007, background): “The actual tendency in SLS/SLM is that the treated powder layers become thinner (down to few monolayers of particles) and their thickness becomes comparable with the penetration depth of laser radiation [10].”
Overview of modelling and simulation of metal powder bed fusion process at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (2015, methodology): “The laser energy deposition model was the same volumetric energy deposition based on Gusarov that was used for the effective medium model simulations.(13)”
In-process sensing in selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing (2016, background): “In addition to standard thermophysical properties, the powder particle shape, surface roughness, and size distributions can also be important as these impact light absorption [23, 24], flowability of the powder during the recoat process, packing of the powder bed, and the uniformity of layers deposi”
Laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing: Physics of complex melt flow and formation mechanisms of pores, spatter, and denudation zones (2015, background): “Some simplifications include (1) treating the powder as a homogeneous continuum body with effective thermomechanical properties (2) treating the laser heat source as a homogeneous model that deposits laser energy volumetrically like with De-Beer-Lambert's law or one derived for deep powder bed [7], ”