Evolutionary structural optimisation using an additive algorithm

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Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization on Advanced Structures and Materials: A Comprehensive Review (2016, background): “[105, 107, 108] developed the early versions of bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method allowing the recovery of the deleted elements which are neighboring to highly stressed elements.”
A Pareto-Optimal Approach to Multimaterial Topology Optimization (2015, methodology): “An AESO approach was introduced in [48] which instead of discarding elements from a larger-thanoptimum design, added elements to a minimum base design.”
Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing (2011, background): “It is usual for each finite element within the design domain to be defined as a design variable, allowing a variation in density (homogenization, SIMP) [1-4] or void-solid (bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO)) [5-9].”
A survey of structural and multidisciplinary continuum topology optimization: post 2000 (2014, methodology): “BESO with element addition adjacent to those with low criterion values was introduced for both stress-based (Querin et al. 2000b) and stiffness/displacement (Yang et al. 1999) criterion functions using sensitivity numbers.”