Smoking and colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis.

By E. Botteri, Simona Iodice, Vincenzo Bagnardi, Sara Raimondi, A. Lowenfels, P. Maisonneuve. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 2008

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How researchers see this paper

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Colorectal Carcinoma: A General Overview and Future Perspectives in Colorectal Cancer (2017, background): “8% [23] due to the high content in carcinogens such as nicotine, the metabolites of which can easily reach the intestine and generate polyps [23,24].”
International Trends in Colorectal Cancer Incidence Rates (2009, background): “Established and suspected modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer, including obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, a diet high in red or processed meats, and inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables (12, 15, 16), are also factors associated with economic deve”
iArc monogrAphs on the evAluAtion oF cArcinogenic risks to humAns (2012, background): “Four recent meta-analyses consistently showed a strong association between cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer (Botteri et al., 2008a; Liang et al., 2009; Huxley et al., 2009; Tsoi et al., 2009).”
Epidemiology of colorectal cancer: incidence, mortality, survival, and risk factors (2019, background): “Men are also more likely to drink larger quantities and under-report how much they drink [51].”