Durability of concrete — Degradation phenomena involving detrimental chemical reactions

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Effect of silicate modulus and metakaolin incorporation on the carbonation of alkali silicate-activated slags (2010, background): “The presence of CO2 in the atmosphere, including the higher levels now being induced by human-derived CO2 emissions, affects the long-term durability of built structures through the sequence of degradation phenomena that are jointly referred to as carbonation [1–4].”
Cementitious building materials reinforced with vegetable fibres : a review (2011, background): “Unfortunately reinforced concrete has a high permeability that allows water and other aggressive elements to penetrate, leading to carbonation and chloride ion attack resulting in corrosion problems [3,4].”
Modeling Soil Processes: Review, Key Challenges, and New Perspectives (2016, background): “, cracking, increase in permeability) and chemical terms (sorption and solubility) affected by detrimental geochemical processes in the cement-based system (Glasser et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2013).”
Non-destructive methods for measuring chloride ingress into concrete: State-of-the-art and future challenges (2014, background): “Chloride ingress is one of the major causes of reinforced concrete (RC) deterioration affecting structural serviceability and safety [1, 2].”
Sulfate ingress in Portland cement (2010, result): “The results of the modelling presented in this paper are comparable to other transport modelling approaches reported in the literature [2,45,46].”