Immobilization strategies to develop enzymatic biosensors.

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A Review on Biosensors and Recent Development of Nanostructured Materials-Enabled Biosensors (2021, background): “the challenges of non-specific binding and poor sensitivity are solved [72,83].”
Enzyme Biosensors for Biomedical Applications: Strategies for Safeguarding Analytical Performances in Biological Fluids (2016, methodology): “However, the immobilization process can affect enzyme activity and stability, some immobilization techniques yield random distribution or poor orientation of enzymes resulting in partial or total loss of activity due to denaturation of the enzyme or blocking analyte access to the catalytic site [89,”
Immobilized Enzymes in Biosensor Applications (2019, methodology): “First, adsorption is one of the most straightforward immobilization methods, and it is based on weak bonds such as Van der Waal’s forces, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions [4].”
Iron and iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles as signal-amplification elements in electrochemical biosensing (2015, background): “First, the bioreceptor is a biomolecule that recognizes the target analyte, and, second, the transducer converts the recognition event into a measurable signal [2].”