The reproductive ecology of the European bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus)

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Male-male interference competition decreases spawning rate in the European bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus) (2004, methodology): “For the population of bitterling used in the present study, up to 257 bitterling embryos have been found in a single mussel (Smith et al. 2004), with up to 151 deposited in a mussel over 24 h (M. Reichard and C. Smith, unpublished data).”
The introduction of the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) to west and central Europe (2007, background): “The bitterling is a thermophilic species, the optimum temperature for its reproduction is 23 C (Smith et al. 2004), and the bitterling subfamily have a largely subtropical distribution (Arai 1988).”
Sneaking from a female perspective (2007, background): “In the European bitterling, which spawns on the gills of freshwater mussels (Smith et al. 2004), females suffered a 20% reduction in fertility of their eggs when spawning with a solitary guarder male compared with a group of four males (Smith & Reichard 2005).”