Energy and velocity of a forming vortex ring

By M. Shusser, Morteza Gharib. 2000

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Starting flow through nozzles with temporally variable exit diameter (2005, background): “In the first case, we might suspect that the increasing source flow velocity enables delay of leading vortex-ring pinch-off, as predicted by Shusser & Gharib (2000) and Mohseni et al. (2001).”
Dynamics of thin vortex rings (2008, background): “…the finite resolution of the PIV instrument used by them, which has a pixel resolution of approximately 0.19 × 0.19mm2 and laser time pulse of 18 ms. Shusser & Gharib (2000) recommended a formula for the velocity of thick rings based on the slug model (equation (23) of their paper), Vsg =…”
Fluid entrainment by isolated vortex rings (2004, background): “Shusser & Gharib (2000) provide an equivalent statement of this maximization principle, and predict that pinch-off occurs when the velocity of fluid from the vortex generator falls below that of the translating ring.”